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Mahmud Ghaznavi Invasion
Taking advantage of this turbulent environment, Mahmud Ghaznavi attacked India. He attacked 17 times from 1000 AD to 1027 AD. The first attack took place in 1000 AD, he captured some of the frontier forts. The second year he attacked with a huge Lena. He defeated Raja Jaipal in Peshawar. Jaipal and his grandson were taken prisoner. Jaipal got salvation by giving forty elephants and money etc. Mahmud now attacked Multan. Fateh Dawood, a follower of the Karmathi sect, used to reign here. Mahmud conquered Multan in 1006 and gave the king to Sukhpal, the grandson of Jaipal. Sukhpal had adopted Islam, but when he returned in 1008, Sukhpal had given up Islam. Mahmud Ghaznavi in anger took both Sukhpal and Dawood captive and took this part under his control.
The fifth attack he made in the Kangra valley, from where he plundered huge wealth. In 1008-1009, his sixth attack was on King Anandapala of the royal dynasty. It was alleged on him that he did not give way to Ghaznavi to go to Multan. The kings of Ujjain, Kalinjar, Kannauj, Delhi and Ajmer together with Anandpal faced Mahmud Ghaznavi. Mahmud Ghaznavi had to face such an organized army for the first time and he started losing, but suddenly Anandapala’s elephant got spoiled and ran away from the battlefield. Seeing the king’s elephant running away, the morale of the army was broken and she too started running. Mahmud was lucky. He attacked the fleeing army from behind. The Indian army was badly defeated. Now Mahmud big towards Nagarkot. There was a famous temple of Jwalaji here. After looting immense treasure from this temple, he returned to Ghazni. After the conquest of Punjab, Ghaznavi’s courage increased a lot. Now he started attacking India every year.
Attacked Talawadi in 1010 AD and attacked Multan again in 1011 and defeated Dawood completely and returned after looting the money. In the year 1012, the ninth attack. The king had a large number of elephants. Ghaznavo defeated him and returned to Ghazni with unlimited money, elephants, horses and slaves. The tenth attack took place on Lahore. The king there was Trilochanpal, son of Anandapala. He was timid, but his son Bhimpala landed in the Buddha’s field, where he was defeated. He fled to Kashmir. Mahmud Ghaznavi’s eleventh invasion took place on Kashmir. His main reason was to capture Bhimpal. He was hiding in the fort of Lohkot, Mahmud Ghaznavi could not capture the fort of Lohkot and returned to Ghazni.
Mahmud’s twelfth invasion took place on Madhya Desh. Now Ghaznavi reached the interior parts of India. Kannauj, Mathura and Bulandshahr became the victims of his loot. At that time the king of Pratihara dynasty was the governor in Kannauj. Mahmud’s thirteenth invasion took place on Kalinjar, whose king was Gand. The king was powerful, but fled in fear of Ghaznavi and Ghaznavi plundered Kalinjar and returned. Mahmud’s thirteenth invasion took place on Punjab in 1020 AD. He forced the people of Swat, Baz and Kafirstan to become Muslims. Instead of plundering Punjab, he tried to establish his rule. He appointed provincial governors and returned. In 1022 AD, again attacked Gwalior and Kalinjar province. He returned after robbing the rulers of the rulers here. Mahmud’s fifteenth invasion took place on the Somnath temple situated on the banks of Kathiawar.
This temple was the greatest symbol of devotion and reverence of medieval Hindus. On November 20, 1025, he reached Ahilwara and attacked the famous temple of Somnath. There were three main reasons for Ghaznavi to attack Somnath.
(i) Mahmud’s gluttony of money encouraged him to acquire the incomparable wealth of the Somnath temple.
(ii) It is believed that the priests and Brahmins of Somnath had attacked Mahmud with sarcasm. Enraged by this, he attacked the Somnath temple.
(iii) Mahmud had a special interest in looting temples and destroying idols and killing infidels. There were about ten thousand villages around the temple of Somnath. The idol of Somnath was hanging in the middle of the temple without any support.
Near the idol was a chain of gold, which weighed about two hundred manas. When Mahmud arrived at the temple of Somnath to plunder and destroy, teams of guards came out one after the other and were killed in the battle. There was a horrific massacre at the entrance of the temple. Entering the temple, Mahmud looted the property of the temple. Although the priests of the temple urged him not to destroy the idol by luring him with money etc., but he cut the Shivling of the temple into pieces and sent these pieces to Ghazni, Mecca and Medina.
There these pieces were put in the streets and steps to the mosques, so that they could be crushed by the feet of the Muslims who came there. When the idol was broken, so many precious gems, gems and precious metals came out of it, seeing that Mahmud’s eyes were dazzled. He got goods worth about two crore dinars from the loot of the temple of Somnath. Loaded with the spoils of Somnath, Mahmud returned to Ghazni via Sindh on the west route.
Attack on Jats and Khokhars of Multan
Mahmud’s 17th and final attack took place in 1027 AD on the Jats and Khokhars of Multan. With the disintegration of the Punjab state, the power of these castes increased significantly and they were trying to establish rule in the surrounding areas. When Mahmud was returning to Ghazni after conquering Somnath, these people had harassed him a lot, so Mahmud attacked him to crush his power and punish him for Himakat. The Jats and Khokhars were badly defeated by the Turkish army. Their settlements were burnt. The slaughter market got hot. Their children and women were captured and made slaves. This was Mahmud’s last attack.
Mahmud’s death
Mahmud died on 30 April, 1050 AD. The kingdom of Ghazni was at the peak of its expansion at the time of Mahmud’s death. The royal treasury was full of wealth.
Conclusion
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